Choosing methods to minimize confounding in observational studies: do the ends justify the means?

Methodological issues of confounding in analytical epidemiologic studies

Background: Confounding can be thought of as mixing the effect of exposure on the risk of disease with a third factor which distorts the measure of association such as risk ratio or odds ratio. This bias arises because of complex functional relationship of confounder with both exposure and disease (outcome). In this article, we provided a conceptual framework review of confounding issues in epi...

Do the Means Always Justify the Ends, or Do the Ends Sometimes Justify the Means? A Value Protection Model of Justice Reasoning

Imam Khomeini’s Approach to Political Struggle

The developments in the contemporary world, particularly the revolutions, coups and wars, have led to development of many theories about social movements. One of the methods used in social movements to bring about sociopolitical change is nonviolence. Nonviolent method of struggle was theorized by Gene Sharp, who collected and introduced 198 methods of nonviolent actions, protest and persuasion...

شبیه‌سازی انسان و اصل غایات کانت

Human cloning is one of the most controversial issues in ethics. This paper, with analytic-descriptive method, deals with Kant;aposs principle of ends and permission or prohibition of human cloning from its point of view. According to Kant;aposs principle of ends, any action in which humanity is taken as a means, not as an end, is prohibited. There are different interpretations of taking humani...

Do the Ends Justify the Means: Nato and Eu Involvement in Central and Eastern Europe